Author/Year | Population/study design | Location | Objects | Measured EDCs | Outcome (IDR/aOR; 95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buser [32]/2014 | NA/cross-sectional study | United States | 6-19 years old | Phthalates: MnBP MEP MiBP MECPP MEHHP MEOHP MEHP MBzP MCNP MCOP | LMP (MnBP, MEP, and MiBP) are significantly associated with higher odds for obesity in male children in second, third and highest quartiles (aOR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.66–5.30; aOR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.60–4.90; aOR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.40– 5.78) and adolescents in second, third and highest quartiles (aOR, 3.97; 95% CI, 2.23–7.08; aOR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.69–5.81; aOR, 5.39; 95% CI, 1.87–15.53). |
Zhang [33]/2014 | 593/cross-sectional study | Shanghai, China | School-aged children | Phthalates: MEP MBP MMP MEHP MEOHP MEHHP | Urinary concentrations of MBP and sum of LMP was positively associated with obesity in boys (OR, 5.768; 95% CI, 1.622–20.515; OR, 6.841; 95% CI, 2.073– 22.575), while concentrations of MEOHP (OR, 0.092; 95% CI, 0.009–0.958), MEHHP (OR, 0.084; 95% CI, 0.008–0.910), and sum of DEHP metabolites (gMEHP) (OR, 0.078; 95% CI, 0.008–0.791) were negatively associated with girls’ obesity. |
Kim [34]/2015 | 128/cohort study | Republic of Korea | Healthy pregnant women and newborns | DEHP metabolites: MEHHP MEOHP | MEHHP and MEOHP were positively associated with triglyceride levels (β*=0.15, 95% CI, 0.024–0.267; β=0.13, 95% CI, 0.009–0.256); total urinary DEHP was positively associated with triglyceride (β=0.14, 95% CI, 0.020–0.267); besides, urinary DEHPs were positively associated with the BMI z-scores of new born (first 3 month) (OR, 4.35; 95% CI, 1.20–15.72). Both MEHHP and MEOHP showed increased OR for body mass increase over the 50th centile (OR, 4.43; 95% CI, 1.22–16.04; OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.12–13.65). |
Hatch [35]/2008 | 4,369/cohort study | United States | 2-59 years old | Phthalates: MEP MEHP MBP MBzP MEHHP MEOHP | MEHP was inversely related to BMI in adolescent girls (adjusted mean BMI=25.4, 23.8; 95% CI, 23.4–22.9) |
Teitelbaum [36]/2012 | 521/cohort study | New York | 6-8 years ol d children | Phthalates: low MWP: MEP MBP and MiBP; high MWP: MECPP MEHHP MEOHP MEHP and MBzP | MEP (67,131,235,948 μg/g creatinine) has a dose relationship with quartiles girls adjusted BMI (β=21.3, 95% CI, 20.5–22.2; β=21.7, 95% CI, 20.7–22.8; β=23.8, 95% CI, 22.7–24.8; β=23.5, 95% CI, 22.5–24.3); adjusted waist circumference (β=73.4, 95% CI, 71.0–75.7; β=73.5, 95% CI, 70.7–76.4; β=79.2, 95% CI, 76.3–82.0; β=78.8, 95% CI, 76.3–81.3) |
Hoepner [45]/2016 | 375/birth cohort | United States | Pregnant mother and their child (age 3-7 years) | BPA | Prenatal urinary BPA concentrations were positively associated with children fat mass index at age 7 (β=0.31 kg/m2; 95% CI, 0.01–0.60), percent body fat (β=0.79; 95% CI, 0.03–1.55, P=0.04), and waist circumference (β=1.29 cm; 95% CI, 0.29–2.30) |
Volberg [46]/2013 | 188/longitudinal cohort study | California, United States | Pregnant women >18 years of age, <20 weeks gestation and their child | BPA | Late pregnancy urinary BPA concentrations were positively associated with 9-year leptin levels (β=0.06, 95% CI, 0.01–0.11) in boys. But in girls, early pregnancy BPA concentrations were positively associated with 9-year adiponectin levels (β=3.71, 95% CI, 0.38–7.04). |
Trasande [47]/2012 | 2,838/ cross sectional study | United States | Age 6-19 years | BPA | In 4 quartiles, the correlation between urinary BPA and obesity are (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.53–3.23) in quartiles 2, 3 (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.48–4.95), 4 (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.72–3.74). |
Wang [48]/2012 | 2,921/cross-sectional study | Shanghai, China | Age 8-15 years | BPA | BPA was detected in 84.9% of urine samples with a median concentration of 0.60 ng/mL. Urinary BPA was positively associated with children BMI (β=0.02, 95% CI, 0.001– 0.038) aged 8–11 years old. |
Li [61]/2015 | 2,898/cohort study | United States | Children (6-19 years old) | Triclosan | Urinary triclosan was associated with aOR 0.34 (95% CI, 0.05–0.64) kg/m2 lower level of BMI and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.09–1.74) cm smaller waist circumference in boys, and a 0.62 (95% CI, 0.31–0.94) kg/m2 lower level of BMI and 1.32 (95% CI, 0.54–2.09) cm smaller waist circumference in girls. |
Tang-Peronard [72]/2014 | 640/prospective cohort study | Faroe Islands | Pregnant women who gave birth between November 1997 to March 2000 | PCBs (138,153, and 180) and DDE | Serum PCBs was positively associated with increased BMI (β=2.07; 95% CI, 0.59–1.65) of 7-year-old girls with overweight mothers, and PCBs and DDE were also associated with an increased change in BMI from 5 to 7 years of age (PCB: β=1.23, 95% CI, 0.42–2.05; DDE: β=1.11, 95% CI, 0.30–1.92). PCBs was associated with increased waist circumference in girls with overweight mothers (β=2.48, 95% CI, 1.10–3.85) and normalweight mothers (β=1.25, 95% CI, 0.04–2.45); DDE was associated with increased waist circumference only in girls with overweight mothers (β=2.21, 95% CI, 0.84–3.56). |
Valvi [73]/2014 | 2,150/birth cohort study | Spanish | Pregnant women (>16 years) | DDT, DDE, HCB, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, and PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180 | The serum concentration (ng/g lipid) of DDE in pregnancy is about 132±2.4. Serum DDE was positively associated with the rapid growth in the total populations (β=1.13; 95% CI, 1.01–1.26), and overweight at 14 months age (β=1.15; 95% CI, 1.03–1.28). |
Warner [74]/2014 | 601/longitudinal birth cohort study | California, United States | Pregnant women (>18 years), their newborns (1-7 years) | o,p´-DDT, p,p´‑DDT, p,p´‑DDE | Among boys, 10-fold increases in prenatal DDT and DDE concentrations were associated with increased odds of becoming overweight or obese (for o,p’-DDT: aOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0–6.3; for p,p’-DDT: aOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.0–4.5). The odds ratios for girls were not significant. |
Wang [48]/2012 | 2,921/cross-sectional study | Shanghai, China | Age 8-15 years | BPA | BPA was detected in 84.9% of urine samples with a median concentration of 0.60 ng/mL. Urinary BPA was positively associated with children BMI (β=0.02, 95% CI, 0.001– 0.038) aged 8–11 years old. |
Li [61]/2015 | 2,898/cohort study | United States | Children (6-19 years old) | Triclosan | Urinary triclosan was associated with aOR 0.34 (95% CI, 0.05–0.64) kg/m2 lower level of BMI and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.09–1.74) cm smaller waist circumference in boys, and a 0.62 (95% CI, 0.31–0.94) kg/m2 lower level of BMI and 1.32 (95% CI, 0.54–2.09) cm smaller waist circumference in girls. |
Tang-Peronard [72]/2014 | 640/prospective cohort study | Faroe Islands | Pregnant women who gave birth between November 1997 to March 2000 | PCBs (138,153, and 180) and DDE | Serum PCBs was positively associated with increased BMI (β=2.07; 95% CI, 0.59–1.65) of 7-year-old girls with overweight mothers, and PCBs and DDE were also associated with an increased change in BMI from 5 to 7 years of age (PCB: β=1.23, 95% CI, 0.42–2.05; DDE: β=1.11, 95% CI, 0.30–1.92). PCBs was associated with increased waist circumference in girls with overweight mothers (β=2.48, 95% CI, 1.10–3.85) and normalweight mothers (β=1.25, 95% CI, 0.04–2.45); DDE was associated with increased waist circumference only in girls with overweight mothers (β=2.21, 95% CI, 0.84–3.56). |
Valvi [73]/2014 | 2,150/birth cohort study | Spanish | Pregnant women (>16 years) | DDT, DDE, HCB, p-hexac h lorocyc lohexa ne, and PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180 | The serum concentration (ng/g lipid) of DDE in pregnancy is about 132±2.4. Serum DDE was positively associated with the rapid growth in the total populations (β=1.13; 95% CI, 1.01–1.26), and overweight at 14 months age (β=1.15; 95% CI, 1.03–1.28). |
Warner [74]/2014 | 601/longitudinal birth cohort study | California, United States | Pregnant women (>18 years), their newborns (1-7 years) | ᄋ,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDT, p,p'-DDE | Among boys, 10-fold increases in prenatal DDT and DDE concentrations were associated with increased odds of becoming overweight or obese (for o,p’-DDT: aOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0–6.3; for p,p’-DDT: aOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.0–4.5). The odds ratios for girls were not significant. |
Lignell [87]/2013 | 413/cross-sectional study | Swedish | Pregnant women and newborns | PCB (138,153 and 180) PBDE- (-47, -99,-100, -153) | Di-ortho PCBs in breast milk was positively associated with birth weight (β=143, P=0.03); the total di-ortho PCBs in breast milk from the mothers was 103±54 ng/g lipid. |
Dallaire [89]/2014 | 548/prospective cohort study | Inuit | Children (8-14 years) | PCB 153 | Children blood PCB-153 concentrations were associated with reduced weight (β=-0.15,P≤0.01), height (β=-0.39, P≤0.001) and head circumference (β=-0.28, P≤0.001) during childhood. |
Erkin-Cakmak [96]/2015 | 224/longitudinal birth cohort study | California, United States | Pregnant women (>18 years) and their children | PBDEs (-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99,-100,-153,-154, and -183) | The sum of four penta BDEs (-47, -99, -100, -153) concentration (log10) in child serum was positively associated with overweight (aOR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14–0.94), while inversely associated with BMI (β=0.44, 95% CI, -0.83 to -0.06) as well as waist circumference (β=-0.35, 95% CI, -0.66 to -0.04) at 7 years age; Besides, BDE -100 and BDE -153 was significantly associated with children overweight at age of 7 years with aOR 0.40 (95% CI, 0.16–1.03) and 0.08 (95% CI, 1.03–0.27) respectively. |
Vuong [97]/2016 | 318/birth cohort study | Ohio, United States | Pregnant women (>18 years) and their children | BDEs -17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99,-100,-153,-154, and -183. | No statistically significant associations between prenatal PBDEs and height or weight z-score. A 10-fold increase in maternal serum BDE-153 was associated with lower BMI z-score (β=-0.36, 95% CI, -0.60 to -0.13) at 2–8 years, smaller waist circumference (β=-1.81 cm; 95% CI, -3.13 to -0.50) at 4–8 years, and lower percent body fat (β=-2.37; 95% CI, -4.21 to -0.53) at 8 years. |
Braun [108]/2016 | 468/prospective cohort study | Ohio, United States | Pregnant women: 16±3 weeks gestation; >18 years old; living in a home built before 1978; no history of HIV infection; not taking any medications for seizure or thyroid disorders. | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFHxS | Children born to women in the top two PFOA tertiles had greater adiposity at 8 years than children in the 1st tertile. Waist circumference (cm) was higher among children in the 2nd (PFOA, 5.3 ng/mL) (β=4.3; 95% CI, 1.7–6.9) and 3rd tertile (PFOA, 9.4 ng/mL) (β=2.2; 95% CI, 20.5–4.9) compared to children in the 1st tertile (PFOA, 3.3 ng/mL). Children in the top 2 PFOA tertiles also had greater BMI gains from 2 to 8 years compared to children in the 1st tertile (P<0.05). No significantly association observed between PFOS, PFNA, and PFHxS with adiposity in children. |
Manzano-Salgado [110]/2017 | 2,150/birth cohort study | Gipuzkoa, Sabadell, and Valencia, Spanish | Pregnant women (16 years or older) | PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA | The most abundant compounds are PFOS and PFOA with geometric mean concentrations are 5.80 and 2.32 ng/mL, respectively. Prenatal serum PFHxS was positively associated with children serum triglycerides z-score (β=0.11, 95% CI, 0.01–0.21). |
EDC, endocrine disrupting chemical; IDR, incidence density ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; β, regression coefficient; MWP, molecular-weight phthalates; LMP, low molecular-weight phthalate; MEP, monoethyl phthalate: MBP, monon-butyl phthalate: MCPP, mono-(3-carboxypropyl): MBzP, mono-benzyl phthalate: MEHP, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate: MEOHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate: MECPP, mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxy-pentyl) phthalate: MEHHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; DEHP, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; MMP, monomethyl phthalates; MnBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate; MiBP, mono-isobutyl phthalate; MCNP, mono-(carboxynonyl) phthalate; MCOP, mono-(carboxyoctlyl) phthalate; BPA, bisphenol A; HCB, hexachlorobenzene; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; PBDE, Polybrominated diphenyl ether; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid; p,p’-DDT, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane; o,p’-DDT, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-ethane.