1. Pugliese A. The multiple origins of type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2013;30:135–46.
3. Carrasco E, Pérez-Bravo F, Santos JL, López G, Calvillán M, Wolff C, et al. One of the lowest validated incidence rates of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in the Americas: Santiago, Chile. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1996;34 Suppl:S153–7.
4. Carrasco E, Pérez-Bravo F, Dorman J, Mondragón A, Santos JL. Increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes in population from Santiago of Chile: trends in a period of 18 years (1986-2003). Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006;22:34–7.
6. Wang YC, McPherson K, Marsh T, Gortmaker SL, Brown M. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet 2011;378:815–25.
9. Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 1993;259:87–91.
16. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO child growth standards: Length/height-for-age, weightfor-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization. 2006-2007.
18. DuBose SN, Hermann JM, Tamborlane WV, Beck RW, Dost A, DiMeglio LA, et al. Obesity in youth with type 1 diabetes in Germany, Austria, and the United States. J Pediatr 2015;167:627. –32. e1-4.
20. Gregor y JW, Wilson AC, Greene SA. B ody fat and overweight among children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1992;9:344–8.
21. Ahmed ML, Ong KK, Watts AP, Morrell DJ, Preece MA, Dunger DB. Elevated leptin levels are associated with excess gains in fat mass in girls, but not boys, with type 1 diabetes: longitudinal study during adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1188–93.
22. Manyanga T, Sellers EA, Wicklow BA, Doupe M, Fransoo R. Not as skinny as we used to think: Body mass index in children and adolescents at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2016;30:292–4.
24. Dunger D, Ahmed L, Ong K. Growth and body composition in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Horm Res 2002;58 Suppl 1:66–71.
25. Smart CE, Annan F, Bruno LP, Higgins LA, Acerini CL; International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014;15 Suppl 20:135–53.
26. Abd El Dayem SM, El-Shehaby AM, Abd El Gafar A, Fawzy A, Salama H. Bone density, body composition, and markers of bone remodeling in type 1 diabetic patients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2011;71:387–93.
27. Paulino MF, de Lemos-Marini SH, Guerra-Junior G, Minicucci WJ, Mendes CT, Morcillo AM. Growth and body composition in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arch Bras Endocrinol Metab 2006;50:490–8.
28. Lipsky LM, Gee B, Liu A, Nansel TR. Body mass index and adiposity indicators associated with cardiovascular biomarkers in youth with type 1 diabetes followed prospectively. Pediatr Obes 2017;12:468–76.
30. Dufour CR, Wilson BJ, Huss JM, Kelly DP, Alaynick WA, Downes M, et al. Genome-wide orchestration of cardiac functions by the orphan nuclear receptors ERRalpha and gamma. Cell Metab 2007;5:345–56.
31. Lowell BB, Shulman GI. Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Science 2005;307:384–7.
38. Park E, Kumar S, Lee B, Kim KJ, Seo JE, Choi HS, et al. Estrogen receptor-related receptor γ regulates testicular steroidogenesis through direct and indirect regulation of steroidogenic gene expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017;452:15–24.
39. Salas-Pérez F, Codner E, Valencia E, Pizarro C, Carrasco E, Pérez-Bravo F. MicroRNAs miR-21a and miR-93 are down regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with type 1 diabetes. Immunobiology 2013;218:733–7.
40. Sebastiani G, Grieco FA, Spagnuolo I, Galleri L, Cataldo D, Dotta F. Increased expression of microRNA miR-326 in type 1 diabetic patients with ongoing islet autoimmunity. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011;27:862–6.