1. Han JC, Lawlor DA, Kimm SY. Childhood obesity. Lancet 2010;375:1737–1748. PMID:
20451244.
2. Barlow SE. Expert Committee. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics 2007;120(Suppl 4):S164–S192. PMID:
18055651.
3. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012;307:483–490. PMID:
22253364.
4. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 2005;115:22–27. PMID:
15629977.
5. Bjørge T, Engeland A, Tverdal A, Smith GD. Body mass index in adolescence in relation to cause-specific mortality: a follow-up of 230,000 Norwegian adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:30–37. PMID:
18477652.
6. Must A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Bajema CJ, Dietz WH. Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1350–1355. PMID:
1406836.
7. Garrow JS, Webster J. Quetelet's index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness. Int J Obes 1985;9:147–153. PMID:
4030199.
8. Burton RF. Why is the body mass index calculated as mass/height2, not as mass/height3? Ann Hum Biol 2007;34:656–663. PMID:
18092209.
9. Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Thomas D, Pietrobelli A. Scaling of body composition to height: relevance to height-normalized indexes. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:736–740. PMID:
21248190.
10. Gallagher D, Visser M, Sepulveda D, Pierson RN, Harris T, Heymsfield SB. How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups? Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:228–239. PMID:
8561156.
11. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Body mass index: considerations for practitioners [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. cited 2015 Sep 19. Available from:
www.cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/bmiforpactitioners.pdf.
12. Himes JH, Dietz WH. Guidelines for overweight in adolescent preventive services: recommendations from an expert committee. The Expert Committee on Clinical Guidelines for Overweight in Adolescent Preventive Services. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:307–316. PMID:
8310979.
13. Heymsfield SB, Gallagher D, Mayer L, Beetsch J, Pietrobelli A. Scaling of human body composition to stature: new insights into body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:82–91. PMID:
17616766.
14. Larsson I, Henning B, Lindroos AK, Naslund I, Sjostrom CD, Sjostrom L. Optimized predictions of absolute and relative amounts of body fat from weight, height, other anthropometric predictors, and age 1. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:252–259. PMID:
16469982.
15. Horlick M. Body mass index in childhood: measuring a moving target. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4059–4060. PMID:
11549625.
16. Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Erwin PJ, et al. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010;34:791–799. PMID:
20125098.
17. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight for age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2006.
18. Freedman DS, Wang J, Maynard LM, Thornton JC, Mei Z, Pierson RN, et al. Relation of BMI to fat and fat-free mass among children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:1–8. PMID:
15278104.
19. Freedman DS, Wang J, Thornton JC, Mei Z, Pierson RN Jr, Dietz WH, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in body fatness among children and adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:1105–1111. PMID:
18309298.
20. Bray GA, DeLany JP, Volaufova J, Harsha DW, Champagne C. Prediction of body fat in 12-y-old African American and white children: evaluation of methods. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:980–990. PMID:
12399269.
21. Freedman DS, Wang J, Thornton JC, Mei Z, Sopher AB, Pierson RN Jr, et al. Classification of body fatness by body mass index-for-age categories among children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009;163:805–811. PMID:
19736333.
22. Himes JH. Challenges of accurately measuring and using BMI and other indicators of obesity in children. Pediatrics 2009;124(Suppl 1):S3–S22. PMID:
19720665.
23. Reilly JJ, Methven E, McDowell ZC, Hacking B, Alexander D, Stewart L, et al. Health consequences of obesity. Arch Dis Child 2003;88:748–752. PMID:
12937090.
24. Wang ZM, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB. The five-level model: a new approach to organizing body-composition research. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:19–28. PMID:
1609756.
25. Forbes GB. Stature and lean body mass. Am J Clin Nutr 1974;27:595–602. PMID:
4208448.
26. Forbes GB. Human body composition: growth, aging, nutrition, and activity. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1987.
27. Wang Z, Zhang J, Ying Z, Heymsfield SB. New insights into scaling of fat-free mass to height across children and adults. Am J Hum Biol 2012;24:648–653. PMID:
22638998.
29. VanItallie TB, Yang MU, Heymsfield SB, Funk RC, Boileau RA. Height-normalized indices of the body's fat-free mass and fat mass: potentially useful indicators of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:953–959. PMID:
2239792.
30. Daniels SR, Khoury PR, Morrison JA. The utility of body mass index as a measure of body fatness in children and adolescents: differences by race and gender. Pediatrics 1997;99:804–807. PMID:
9164773.
31. Maynard LM, Wisemandle W, Roche AF, Chumlea WC, Guo SS, Siervogel RM. Childhood body composition in relation to body mass index. Pediatrics 2001;107:344–350. PMID:
11158468.
32. Demerath EW, Schubert CM, Maynard LM, Sun SS, Chumlea WC, Pickoff A, et al. Do changes in body mass index percentile reflect changes in body composition in children? Data from the Fels Longitudinal Study. Pediatrics 2006;117:e487–e495. PMID:
16510627.
33. Brufani C, Tozzi A, Fintini D, Ciampalini P, Grossi A, Fiori R, et al. Sexual dimorphism of body composition and insulin sensitivity across pubertal development in obese Caucasian subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:769–775. PMID:
19221173.
34. Rogol AD, Roemmich JN, Clark PA. Growth at puberty. J Adolesc Health 2002;31(6 Suppl):192–200. PMID:
12470915.
35. Taylor RW, Grant AM, Williams SM, Goulding A. Sex differences in regional body fat distribution from pre- to postpuberty. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:1410–1416. PMID:
19893501.
36. Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child 1995;73:25–29. PMID:
7639544.
37. Kim K, Yun SH, Jang MJ, Oh KW. Body fat percentile curves for Korean children and adolescents: a data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. J Korean Med Sci 2013;28:443–449. PMID:
23487528.
38. Kurtoglu S, Mazicioglu MM, Ozturk A, Hatipoglu N, Cicek B, Ustunbas HB. Body fat reference curves for healthy Turkish children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 2010;169:1329–1335. PMID:
20505952.
39. Laurson KR, Eisenmann JC, Welk GJ. Body fat percentile curves for U.S. children and adolescents. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(4 Suppl 2):S87–S92. PMID:
21961617.
40. Ogden CL, Li Y, Freedman DS, Borrud LG, Flegal KM. Smoothed percentage body fat percentiles for U.S. children and adolescents, 1999-2004. Natl Health Stat Report 2011;(43):1–7. PMID:
22164513.
41. Wang J, Thornton JC, Russell M, Burastero S, Heymsfield S, Pierson RN Jr. Asians have lower body mass index (BMI) but higher percent body fat than do whites: comparisons of anthropometric measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:23–28. PMID:
8017333.
42. Ehtisham S, Crabtree N, Clark P, Shaw N, Barrett T. Ethnic differences in insulin resistance and body composition in United Kingdom adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:3963–3969. PMID:
15840754.
43. Park HW, Yoo HY, Kim CH, Kim H, Kwak BO, Kim KS, et al. Reference values of body composition indices: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Yonsei Med J 2015;56:95–102. PMID:
25510752.
44. Park H, Park K, Kim MH, Kim GS, Chung S. Gender differences in relationship between fat-free mass index and fat mass index among Korean children using body composition chart. Yonsei Med J 2011;52:948–952. PMID:
22028158.
45. Mooney SJ, Baecker A, Rundle AG. Comparison of anthropometric and body composition measures as predictors of components of the metabolic syndrome in a clinical setting. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013;7:e55–e66. PMID:
24331682.
46. Park HW, Kim YH, Cho M, Kwak BO, Kim KS, Chung S. Adolescent build plotting on body composition chart and the type of diabetes mellitus. J Korean Med Sci 2012;27:1385–1390. PMID:
23166422.